README

A PHP extension that brings GPU rendering, audio, video recording, streaming, and input handling to PHP. Foundation layer for the PHPolygon game engine.

Features

Multi-Backend GPU Rendering — Direct3D 12, Direct3D 11, Metal, Vulkan (MoltenVK), OpenGL 4.1
2D Batch Renderer — Rects, circles, lines, sprites, text (z-sorted, up to 4096 items)
3D Pipeline — Meshes, shaders, pipelines, textures, uniform/storage buffers
Shader Toolchain — GLSL to SPIR-V compilation, reflection, cross-compilation
Audio — Playback via miniaudio (MP3, WAV, FLAC)
Video Recording — H.264 encoding via FFmpeg (with VideoToolbox HW acceleration)
Network Streaming — RTMP and SRT via FFmpeg
Input — Keyboard, mouse, and gamepad support via GLFW
Headless Mode — Offscreen rendering for tests and visual regression testing
Plugin System — Extensible output/input/filter plugins
Cross-Platform — macOS, Linux, Windows

Gallery

Every image below is rendered headless by examples/gallery.php (php -d extension=vio examples/gallery.php [backend]); the PNGs live in docs/gallery/. They double as a smoke test of each feature path on a real backend.


`vio_rect` / `vio_circle` / `vio_line`, z-sorted batch	`vio_sprite` + `vio_text` (HarfBuzz shaping, RTL, Thai, word wrap)
`vio_mesh` / `vio_shader` / `vio_pipeline`, GLSL → SPIR-V → HLSL/MSL	`vio_draw_instanced`, 400 cubes in one draw
`vio_render_target` → post-process pass	Cube render target + `vio_generate_mipmaps` → `textureLod` by roughness
Multiple render targets (RGBA8 / RGBA16F / R16F)	`['samples' => 4]` render target, resolved
`filter` × `wrap` sampler grid	`['anisotropy' => 16]` vs. trilinear
Compute shader → `image2D` storage texture	Compute writes instance matrices, the vertex stage reads them (no readback)
`vio_texture_3d` ray-marched via `sampler3D`	Depth-only render target → PCF shadows
`['hdr' => true]` RGBA16F target + ACES

Requirements

PHP >= 8.5

All native libraries are optional — the extension compiles and runs without them, features are simply unavailable at runtime:

Library	Feature	Build Flag
GLFW 3.4	Windowing, input, gamepad	`--with-glfw`
glslang	GLSL to SPIR-V compilation	`--with-glslang`
SPIRV-Cross	Shader reflection & transpilation	`--with-spirv-cross`
Vulkan SDK	Vulkan backend	`--with-vulkan`
FFmpeg	Video recording & streaming	`--with-ffmpeg`
Metal (macOS framework)	Metal backend	`--with-metal`
Direct3D 11 (Windows SDK)	Direct3D 11 backend	`--with-d3d11` (Windows, on by default)
Direct3D 12 (Windows SDK)	Direct3D 12 backend	`--with-d3d12` (Windows, on by default)

Installation

Via PIE (PHP Installer for Extensions)

pie install phpolygon/php-vio

Pre-built Binaries

Download platform-specific binaries from the Releases page. Available for:

Linux x86_64 / ARM64
macOS x86_64 (Intel) / ARM64 (Apple Silicon)
Windows x64

From Source (macOS)

brew install glfw glslang spirv-cross ffmpeg

phpize
./configure --enable-vio --with-glfw --with-glslang --with-spirv-cross \
  --with-vulkan --with-ffmpeg --with-metal
make -j$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
sudo make install

From Source (Linux)

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt install php-dev libglfw3-dev glslang-dev libvulkan-dev \
  libavcodec-dev libavformat-dev libavutil-dev libswscale-dev \
  spirv-cross libspirv-cross-c-shared-dev

phpize
./configure --enable-vio --with-glfw --with-glslang --with-spirv-cross \
  --with-vulkan --with-ffmpeg
make -j$(nproc)
sudo make install

Windows

On Windows, no build toolchain is needed — PHP extensions are distributed as pre-compiled DLLs. Download the matching DLL from the Releases page (match your PHP version and thread-safety mode), then:

Copy php_vio.dll into your PHP ext\ directory
Add extension=vio to your php.ini
Restart PHP / your web server

All backends use conditional compilation (#ifdef HAVE_*), so builds without certain dependencies compile fine — those features are simply unavailable at runtime.

Quick Start

<?php

// Create a window with OpenGL backend
$ctx = vio_create("opengl", [
    "width"  => 800,
    "height" => 600,
    "title"  => "Hello VIO",
]);

while (!vio_should_close($ctx)) {
    vio_begin($ctx);
    vio_clear($ctx, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1);

    // 2D drawing
    vio_rect($ctx, 50, 50, 200, 100, ["color" => 0xFF0000FF]);
    vio_circle($ctx, 400, 300, 60, ["color" => 0x00FF00FF]);
    vio_draw_2d($ctx);

    vio_end($ctx);
    vio_poll_events($ctx);
}

vio_close($ctx);
vio_destroy($ctx);

API Overview

71 functions across these categories:

Category	Functions
Context	`vio_create`, `vio_begin`, `vio_end`, `vio_clear`, `vio_close`, `vio_destroy`
Input	`vio_key_pressed`, `vio_mouse_position`, `vio_mouse_button`, `vio_on_key`
2D	`vio_rect`, `vio_circle`, `vio_line`, `vio_sprite`, `vio_text`, `vio_draw_2d`
3D	`vio_mesh`, `vio_shader`, `vio_pipeline`, `vio_bind_pipeline`, `vio_draw`
Textures	`vio_texture`, `vio_bind_texture`, `vio_texture_load_async`
Fonts	`vio_font`, `vio_text`, `vio_text_measure`, `vio_font_load_async`
Buffers	`vio_uniform_buffer`, `vio_update_buffer`
Audio	`vio_audio_load`, `vio_audio_play`, `vio_audio_pause`, `vio_audio_stop`
Recording	`vio_recorder`, `vio_recorder_capture`, `vio_recorder_stop`
Streaming	`vio_stream`, `vio_stream_push`, `vio_stream_stop`
Headless	`vio_read_pixels`, `vio_save_screenshot`, `vio_compare_images`
Shaders	`vio_shader_reflect`, shader compilation via glslang
Plugins	`vio_plugins`, `vio_plugin_info`

Full API documentation: see vio.stub.php

Backends

Backend	Status	Platforms
Direct3D 12	Stable	Windows only
Direct3D 11	Stable	Windows only
Metal	Stable	macOS only
OpenGL 4.1	Stable	macOS, Linux, Windows
Vulkan	Experimental	macOS (MoltenVK), Linux, Windows
Null	Stable	All (for unit testing)

Backend auto-selection is platform-specific:

Windows: Direct3D 12 → Direct3D 11 → Vulkan → OpenGL
macOS: Metal → OpenGL (Vulkan via MoltenVK is opt-in, not auto)
Linux: Vulkan → OpenGL

Null is never auto-selected; request it explicitly with vio_create("null") for headless tests. Override auto-selection per call (vio_create("d3d11")) or globally via the vio.default_backend INI setting.

Performance: Metal vs OpenGL

Benchmarked on Apple M2 Pro (macOS 26.4, 1280x720, VSync off). Measures draw + flush time only (excludes present/VSync wait).

Scenario	Metal (median)	OpenGL (median)	Delta
500 rects	192 us	179 us	+7%
200 rects + 200 rounded rects + 50 text	323 us	313 us	+3%
1000 rects + 100 text	301 us	374 us	-20%

Tail latency (frame time consistency):

Percentile	Metal	OpenGL
p95	306-601 us	437-754 us
p99	375-674 us	907-953 us

Metal is slightly slower on simple scenes due to command encoding overhead, but 20% faster on heavy scenes (1000+ draw calls with text). More importantly, Metal delivers 30-40% better tail latency — fewer frame time spikes and more consistent rendering.

Testing

NO_INTERACTION=1 TEST_PHP_EXECUTABLE=$(which php) \
  php run-tests.php -d extension=$PWD/modules/vio.so tests/

93 PHPT tests, grouped by topic under tests/ (core/, backends/, render3d/, render2d/, input/, window/, media/) — headless rendering with pixel verification, 2D/3D pipelines, shaders, compute, audio, input, and the per-backend capability matrix. run-tests.php recurses into the folders; pass a single folder to run one area.

License

MIT

phpolygon / php-vio

Package info

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